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子宮腺肌子宮腺肌的臨床表現(2)

Hot 3Viewed 305 times28-4-2023 07:31 PM

  治療

  本病的治療手段較多,臨床決策需結合患者的年齡、症狀及生育要求進行個體化選擇。手術與藥物治療方案可同時選擇。

  1.藥物治療

  (1)對症治療

對症狀較輕,僅要求緩解痛經者,可以選擇在痛經時予以非甾體抗炎藥如芬必得、消炎痛或萘普生等對症處理。

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  (2)假孕療法

  對症狀較輕,暫無生育要求及近絕經期患者,口服避孕藥或孕激素可以使異位的子宮內膜蛻膜化和萎縮而起到控制子宮腺肌病發展的作用。

  (3)宮內節育器

  對月經量大、痛經,暫無生育要求者,可選擇上內含高效孕激素的節育器,通過其在子宮局部持續釋放孕激素以控制異位病灶發展,需在五年後取出或更換。

  (4)假絕經療法

  術前縮小病灶以及術後減少復發的藥物。GnRHa注射,使體內的激素水平達到絕經的狀態,從而使異位的子宮內膜逐漸萎縮而起到治療的作用。應用GnRHa後可以使子宮明顯縮小,可以作為一部分病灶較大、手術困難的患者術前用藥。等到子宮變小後再手術,風險和難度會明顯下降。副作用會出現更年期症狀,甚至導致嚴重的心腦血管並發症及骨質疏鬆等,所以在應用GnRHa3個月後建議反向添加雌激素以緩解並發症。另外GnRHa費用較高,所以目前並不作為長期治療的方案,一旦停藥,月經恢復就可能導致病變的再次進展。

  (5)中醫治療

  中醫認為子宮腺肌病與瘀血內阻有關,而血瘀的形成又與氣虛、寒凝、氣滯、痰濕等致病因素有關。所以在治療方面,既要以活血化瘀為原則,又要針對瘀血形成的原因及虛實的不同,予以兼顧。可口服化症止痛顆粒、散結鎮痛膠囊、丹莪婦康煎膏、少腹逐瘀丸等中成藥或根據個人情況調整的湯藥。也可用活血化瘀之中藥保留灌腸、貼敷及丹參注射液離子導入。也可在經前及經期針灸關元、中級、合谷、三陰交等穴位或耳針取子宮、內分泌、肝等穴。

  2.手術治療

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  手術治療包括根治手術和保守手術。根治手術即為子宮切除術,保守手術包括腺肌病病灶(腺肌瘤)切除術、子宮內膜及肌層切除術、子宮肌層電凝術、子宮動脈阻斷術以及骶前神經切除術和骶骨神經切除術等。

  (1)子宮切除術

  適用於患者無生育要求,且病變廣泛,症狀嚴重,保守治療無效。而且,為避免殘留病灶,以全子宮切除為首選,一般不主張部分子宮切除。

  (2)子宮腺肌病病灶切除術

  適用於有生育要求或年輕的患者。因子宮腺肌病往往病灶瀰漫並且與子宮正常肌肉組織界限不清,因此如何選擇切除的方式以減少出血、殘留並利於術後妊娠是一個比較棘手的問題。

  3.介入治療

  選擇性子宮動脈栓塞術也可以作為治療子宮腺肌病的方案之一。其作用機制有異位子宮內膜壞死,分泌前列腺素減少,緩解痛經,減少月經量,降低復發率;在位內膜側支循環的建立,可由基底層逐漸移行生長恢復功能。但子宮動脈栓塞術會影響子宮及卵巢的血運,從而對妊娠有不利影響。可能會導致不孕、流產、早產並增加剖宮產率。

  預防

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  1.做好計劃生育,盡量少做人工流產和刮宮。有婦科疾病及早就醫,避免過多宮腔操作。

  2.月經期要做好自身的保健,不要做劇烈的活動,注意控制情緒,不要生悶氣,否則會導致內分泌的改變。

  3.注意保暖防寒;調整自己情緒;飲食應富含足夠的營養,糾正偏食及不正常的飲食習慣,不宜貪食刺激性或寒涼食物等。

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