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進行性肌營養不良它的類型有哪些

Hot 4Viewed 94 times28-4-2023 07:11 PM

提到進行性肌營養不良,這是很多人都比較陌生的疾病,由於人與人之間的基因區別,進行性肌營養不良的症狀也是有所不同。那麼你知道進行性肌營養不良有哪些類型嗎,進行性肌營養不良有哪些症狀呢,怎樣才能治療進行性肌營養不良呢?下面我們就一起來了解一下吧。

進行性肌營養不良是一類由於基因缺陷所導致的肌肉變性病,以進行性加重的肌肉無力和萎縮為主要臨床表現。從疾病名稱就可以知道,肌營養不良的病程一般是進行性加重的,但疾病進展的速度快慢不一。

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Duchenne肌營養不良又稱假肥大型肌營養不良、杜氏肌營養不良,為X連鎖隱性遺傳的疾病。年發病率約為每3500個活產男嬰中有1個。致病基因DMD位於Xp21,男性發病,女性為致病基因攜帶者。

DMD患兒一般3~5歲出現肌無力症狀,病情進行性加重,大約12歲左右失去獨立行走能力,20歲左右由於肌無力、呼吸衰竭而死亡。Becker肌營養不良也是由DMD基因缺陷所導致的,臨床症狀出現較Duchenne 肌營養不良晚,進展相對慢,18歲後都還能獨立行走,多可存活至成年40~50歲甚至更長壽命。

  疾病分類

根據臨床表現和基因缺陷的不同,臨床分為先天性肌營養不良、Duchenne肌營養不良(DMD)、Becker肌營養不良(BMD)、肢帶型肌營養不良等類型。

其中,Duchenne肌營養不良和Becker肌營養不良是常見的臨床類型,二者均是由DMD基因缺陷所導致的,下面重點介紹DMD基因缺陷所導致的肌營養不良。

  病理生理

DMD基因所編碼的蛋白稱為抗肌萎縮蛋白(Dystrophin,Dys),分佈於骨骼肌和心肌的細胞膜上,起支架作用,保護肌細胞膜在肌肉收縮時不受損傷。

由於DMD基因缺陷,導致肌細胞膜上的抗肌萎縮蛋白功能異常,肌細胞受損傷,出現進行性壞死、萎縮等,臨床出現肌無力的症狀與體徵。某些DMD基因缺陷導致Dystrophin完全缺失,臨床表現為Duchenne肌營養不良,某些DMD基因缺陷導致Dystrophin功能部分缺陷,臨床表現為Becker肌營養不良。

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肌營養不良的病理改變為肌纖維大小不一,脂肪結締組織增生,可見肌纖維壞死和再生。Dystrophin免疫組織化學染色可見抗肌萎縮蛋白表達缺失,具有診斷意義。

  臨床表現

Duchenne肌營養不良患兒多於3~5歲逐漸出現症狀,嬰幼儿期多無症狀,也有部分細心的家長可能發現患兒其實從小運動發育就較同齡兒童稍有落後。

比如,正常兒童生後1歲獨立行走,患兒可能1歲半~2歲開始獨立行走,或者一直行走不穩,往往被誤認為缺鈣或體質弱等原因而被忽視。隨患兒年齡長大,症狀逐漸明顯,常在入託後發現患兒運動能力較同齡兒差,動作不協調、笨拙,奔跑跟不上同齡兒童。患兒逐漸出現步態異常,行走搖擺,俗稱鴨步,上樓困難,蹲下起來困難。

從平臥位起來時,患兒往往先翻身呈俯臥位,先抬頭,以雙手扶膝蓋、大腿,緩慢直起軀幹,站立,也就是所謂的Gower徵陽性。患兒體檢除肌力和肌張力減低外,常可見腓腸肌肥大。肥大的腓腸肌觸之質地較硬,缺乏肌肉的彈性,是由於其內充填了大量增生的脂肪結締組織,故稱為假性肥大。

隨病情進展,肌無力症狀越來越重,大約12歲左右患兒失去獨立行走能力。之後,由於長期臥床,容易並發褥瘡、墜積性肺炎等。由於呼吸肌無力、或合併心臟受累等原因,在20歲左右可由於呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭而死亡。

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Becker型肌營養不良較Duchenne肌營養不良臨床症狀輕,肌無力症狀出現晚且進展緩慢,多數於18歲後仍保持獨立行走的能力,壽命不受影響或輕度受影響。

  並發症

心肌受累是Duchenne肌營養不良患者常見的並發症,患兒心臟收縮功能較同齡兒低下,部分患兒可見心率增快、心律失常。大約1/3的Duchenne肌營養不良患兒可能會存在不同程度的智力低下。但頭顱MRI檢查多無顯著異常,不像某些類型先天性肌營養不良患者,常存在腦發育畸形或腦白質營養不良改變。

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